Samarkand possessed significantly better fortifications and a larger garrison compared to Bukhara. This smaller detachment, no more than 20,000–30,000 men, was led by Genghis's son Jochi and his elite general Jebe. After the fortress fell, Genghis reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier who had taken arms against him at Samarkand. On the third day of fighting, the Samarkand garrison launched a counterattack. This march can be described as the Central Asian equivalent of Hannibal's crossing of the Alps, with the same devastating effects. After the Mongols devastated the major cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, and Urgench in northern Khwarazm, Genghis Khan made it clear that he wanted the feeling Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad II captured. The Mongols attacked regardless, and the city fell only after the defenders put up a stout defense, fighting block for block. Jochi was born nine months later. [34] This meant that the Mongols, rather than getting bogged down in dozens of small sieges or single multi-year ones as sometimes happened in China, could simply sweep through large areas of the empire and conquer cities at will in a short time. [40], Immediately when war was declared, Genghis sent orders for a force already out to the west to immediately cross the Tien Shan mountains to the south and ravage the fertile Ferghana Valley in the eastern part of the Khwarezm Empire. Russians (Goths, Slavs in the Definitive Edition): The Russians a… [14] Sinor uses the figure of 400,000 for the Khwarezmians, but puts the Mongol force at 150,000. The Mongols valued artisans' skills highly and artisans were exempted from massacre during the conquests and instead entered into lifelong service as slaves. The Chinese may have used the catapults to hurl gunpowder bombs, since they already had them by this time. Within weeks, the two brothers had moved their armies westwards into Khorasan. However, the garrison beat back the assault and launched their own counter-attack against the Mongols. [51] As a result of the Mongol strategic initiative, speedy maneuvers, and psychological strategies, all the Khwarezm generals, including the Queen Mother, kept their forces as a garrison and were defeated in turn. The Mongols crossed the Tian Shan mountains, coming into the Shah's empire in 1219. Zhongdu (near Beijing) was taken (1215), but the final annihilation of the Jin state was after Genghis' death (1234). Khwarazm Shah put his horse in the River Indus at Hund above Attock. [50] [48] A break-out force was annihilated in open battle. David Morgan and Denis Sinor, among others, doubt the numbers are true in either absolute or relative terms, while John Mason Smith sees the numbers as accurate as for both armies (while supporting high-end numbers for the Mongols and their enemies in general, for instance contending that Rashid Al-Din was correct when stating that the Ilkhanate of the 1260s had 300,000 soldiers and the Golden Horde 300,000–600,000). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Once Again Nation Doesnt Come out On Roads, 15 Reasons Why Gender Equality Does Not Exist. According to the Persian historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, Genghis Khan sent the ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire, Muhammad II, a message seeking trade and greeted him as his neighbor: "I am master of the lands of the rising sun while you rule those of the setting sun. The siege proceeded for five months without results, until a traitor within the walls (Qaracha) who felt no loyalty to the Shah or Inalchuq opened the gates to the Mongols; the prince's forces managed to storm the now unsecured gate and slaughter the majority of the garrison. Juvayni and Rashid Al-Din (both writing under Mongol auspices) credit the defenders of the city with 100,000–110,000 men, while Ibn Al-Athir states 50,000. [52] A more likely number is perhaps 10,000, considering the city itself had less than 100,000 people total at the time. Genghis Khan was born Temujin approximately in 1162. All those who are familiar with the tussle between Khwarazm Shah and Genghis Khan still are at loss about who out of the two was braver, Khwarazm Shah whom a man like Genghis Khan who used to say, “I am the punishment of God. In order to learn more about the power of the Mongols, Alaeddin Mohammed sent an envoy to Karakurum, the Mongol capital, and signed a treaty with him. Da Capo Press. By spring 1221, the province of Khurasan was under complete Mongol rule. Modern historians still debate to what degree these numbers reflected reality. Upon its surrender the Mongols broke the dams and flooded the city, then proceeded to execute the survivors. Genghis had dispatched forces to hunt down the gathering army under Jalal al-Din, and the two sides met in the spring of 1221 at the town of Parwan. The Shah had refused to make the obligatory homage to the caliph as titular leader of Islam, and demanded recognition as Shah of his empire, without any of the usual bribes or pretenses. The Shah, in turn, had one of his governors openly accuse the party of spying, their rich goods were seized and the party was arrested. [55][full citation needed], Such tensions were present as Jochi engaged in negotiations with the defenders, trying to get them to surrender so that as much of the city as possible was undamaged. [43], Unlike most of the other cities, Otrar did not surrender after little fighting, nor did its governor march its army out into the field to be destroyed by the numerically superior Mongols. [41], Meanwhile, another Mongol force under Chagatai and Ogedei descended from either the Altai Mountains to the north or the Dzungarian Gate and immediately started laying siege to the border city of Otrar. During stay in India, Jalal Ud Din stayed near Bhaun District Chakwal for approx 3 and half years. Genghis retaliated with a force of 200,000 men, launching a multi-pronged invasion. His name was derived from the words temur, which means “of iron,” and jin, which represents agency. Furthermore, the Shah's reports from China indicated that the Mongols were not experts in siege warfare, and experienced problems when attempting to take fortified positions. His baggage train included such siege equipment as battering rams, gunpowder, and enormous siege bows capable of throwing 20-foot (6 m) arrows into siege works. In 1077 the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to the Seljuqs, fell int… The city was built along the river Amu Darya in a marshy delta area. [4] The divided Mongol forces destroyed the Shah's forces piecemeal, and began the utter devastation of the country which would mark many of their later conquests. It was at this junction the rapidly expanding Mongol Empire made contact. It was founded by a slave, Anū tegin Gharachaʾī, who was appointed governor of Khwārezm. The seemingly indomitable Mongol conqueror cemented his legacy while raining searing, equine death on the Khwarazm empire in 1219. Right after his accession, however, his domains were invaded by the two Ghurid brothers Ghiyas ad-Din Ghori and Mu'izz al-Din. Conflict between the Mongols and the Khwarazmian Empire started less than a year later, when a Mongol caravan and its envoys were massacred in the Khwarazmian city of Otrar. One of these was the huochong, a Chinese mortar. [53][54] As Genghis began his siege, his sons Chaghatai and Ögedei joined him after finishing the reduction of Otrar, and the joint Mongol forces launched an assault on the city. Khwarazm Shah moved to India in order to seek support with Genghis Khan closely chasing. And just as he thought he had got his bitter foe, Genghis Khan’s marksmen took positions on the river bank ready to hurl their arrows. But Jochi had been conceived in controversy; in the early days of the Khan's rise to power, Börte was captured and raped while she was held prisoner. Enraged, Genghis headed south himself, and defeated Jalal al-Din on the Indus River. John Mason Smith, "Mongol Manpower and Persian Population", pp. [4] Mongol historians are adamant that the great khan at that time had no intention of invading the Khwarezmid Empire, and was only interested in trade and even a potential alliance. Genghis spent some time on the southern shore of the Indus searching for the new Shah, but failed to find him. Jalal al-Din, defeated, fled to India. The Khwarezmian army consisted of about 40,000 cavalry, mostly of Turkic origin. Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid Indus River, escaping Genghis Khan and the Mongol army. The taking of Urgench was further complicated by continuing tensions between the Khan and his eldest son, Jochi, who had been promised the city as his prize. The estimates for the sizes of the opposing armies are often in dispute. The screenwriter and producer of the Turkish famous series Resurrection Ertuğrul, Mehmet Bozdağ is now producing Mendirman Jaloliddin (Jalaluddin KhwarazmShah). Mongolian casualties were higher than normal, due to the unaccustomed difficulty of adapting Mongolian tactics to city fighting. [1][36] Historical demographers Tertius Chandler and Gerald Fox give the following estimations for the populations of the empire's major cities at the beginning of the 13th century, which adds up to at least 520,000 and at most 850,000 people:[37]. The major city to fall to Tolui's army was the city of Merv. Khwarazm Shah put his horse in the River Indus at Hund above Attock. While this is almost certainly an exaggeration, the sacking of Urgench is considered one of the bloodiest massacres in human history. She was captured and sent to Mongolia. The shah had both of the Mongols shaved and had the Muslim beheaded before sending them back to Genghis Khan. “Stop, no one will let the arrows fly,” ordered Khan to his soldiers who were surprised because Genghis Khan was not known for forgiving. Inalchuq held out until the end, even climbing to the top of the citadel in the last moments of the siege to throw down tiles at the oncoming Mongols and slay many of them in close quarters combat. The siege of Bamyan also claimed the life of Chagatai's favorite son, Mötüken. Instead the garrison remained on the walls and resisted stubbornly, holding out against many attacks. Most scholars attribute his death to pneumonia, but others cite the sudden shock of the loss of his empire. These lands were judged to be able to muster five tümens in all. Sverdrup also estimates the Khwarezmian army at 40,000 (excluding certain city-restricted militias), and emphasizes that all contemporary sources are in agreement that, if nothing else, the Mongol army was the larger of the two. The army also included "3,000 machines flinging heavy incendiary arrows, 300 catapults, 700 mangonels to discharge pots filled with naphtha, 4,000 storming-ladders, and 2,500 sacks of earth for filling up moats". The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. On the fifth day, all but a handful of soldiers surrendered. Genghis Khan closely chasing the forces of Jalaluddin Khwarazshah stood on one side of the Indus, and saw the fleeing forces of Jalal cross over. Watch & Download With Urdu Subtitles Makki Tv Sultan Jalal Al Din Khwarazm Shah Drama In Urdu. TV series on the life of Jalaluddin Khwarazm Shah goes on air. Cited in John Mason Smith, "Mongol Manpower and Persian Population", Additionally, the population of roughly the same area (Persia and Central Asia) plus some others (Caucasia and northeast Anatolia) is estimated at 5–6 million nearly 400 hundreds later, under the rule of the, Tertius Chandler & Gerald Fox, "3000 Years of Urban Growth", pp. Under Genghis Khan’s leadership, Mongol forces destroyed numerous cities in Transoxania and Khorāsān in an unprecedented… After the fall of Bukhara, Genghis headed to the Khwarezmian capital of Samarkand and arrived in March 1220. To do this, they traversed 300 miles of the seemingly impassable Kyzyl Kum desert by hopping through the various oases, guided most of the way by captured nomads. [16] McLynn also says that 400,000 is a massive exaggeration, but considers 200,000 to be closer to the truth (including garrisons). Prelude and description [edit | edit source] Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid Indus river, escaping Chinggis Khan and his army In terms of social policy, he forbade selling of women, theft of property, and fighting. As soon as the city was handed over, however, Tolui slaughtered almost every person who surrendered, in a massacre possibly on a greater scale than that at Urgench. Genghis also brought a large body of foreigners with him, primarily of Chinese origin. Bamian in the Hindu Kush was another scene of carnage during the 1221 siege of Bamiyan, here stiff resistance resulted in the death of a grandson of Genghis. Chapter 1: Persia - Assassinate the Khwarazm Shah and build up Send your 2 trade carts to explore the Khwarazm's territory, but don't get near the Khwarazm Shah himself. However they were executed along with much of the city's population regardless, much to their surprise. Juvayni wrote of Merv: "In extent of territory it excelled among the lands of Khorasan, and the bird of peace and security flew over its confines. The first meeting Did the Turks go to Genghis? [citation needed]. With the assent of Sultan Muhammad, he executed the entire caravan, and its goods were sold in Bukhara. The Khan divided his armies, and sent one force solely to find and execute the Shah – so that he was forced to run for his life in his own country. [18] Genghis brought along his most able generals, besides Muqali to aid him. The empire had just recently conquered much of its territory, and the Shah was fearful that his army, if placed in one large unit under a single command structure, might possibly be turned against him. Defeat in the Battle of Indus - Sultan Jalal ad-Din in India : After the destruction of the Khwarazmian empire by the Mongols under Genghis Khan (also spelled Chengiz Khan) in 1220, Sultan Ala ad-Din Muhammad Khwarazm Shah fled and died some weeks later on an island in the Caspian … Of further interest is that the caliph of Baghdad had attempted to instigate a war between the Mongols and the Shah some years before the Mongol invasion actually occurred. Leaving garrison forces behind him, Tolui headed back east to rejoin his father. 799 years ago, in the year 1221, the great Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan [1] stood victorious at the western bank of the Indus river with 50,000 soldiers, having just defeated Jalal-ad-Din [2], the Shah of Khwarazm. The Tien Shan mountain passes were much more treacherous than the Dzungarian Gate, and to make it worse, they attempted the crossing in the middle of winter with over 5 feet of snow.
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